Article 26 of the Federal Courts Proclamation No. 25/1996 prescribes that all cases shall be heard in an open court. The cases may only be heard in camera in consideration of the public and state safety and security or public morality and decency. In accordance with this legal framework, hearings in ordinary courts are held always open to the public. Institutional Measures The Ethiopian Government has established and is actively engaged in continuing and ongoing capacity building programs for the Police, Prison Administrations, Courts of Law, Ministry and Bureaus of Justice at the Federal, Regional and City Administration levels. Administrative Measures The Ministry of Justice ensures that any prosecution and trial in the Ethiopian justice system follows all the legal principles of fair trial including a public hearing, due process, presumption of innocence and other principles incorporated under the international human rights instruments to which Ethiopia is a party or under the FDRE Constitution. As part of the Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), Prosecutor-led investigation and Real Time Dispatch (RTD) benches have been introduced at the federal and regional levels. The Prosecutor-led investigation has solved problems of delay in the phase of the investigation of crimes. Accordingly, the arrested persons are charged once the evidence needed to start the procedure is gathered. In accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code, the Courts may allow 14 days in the event where time is needed for further investigation and also strictly follow up what has been done during the 14 days provided. Once investigation is complete, the Court will proceed with trial of the case in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code and in a manner that ensures the right to a speedy trial. A “real-time dispatch” system has also been put in place in regions, to allow judgment and sentencing to be undertaken within one day, in petty offence cases where there is a clear identification of the crime and the culprit. The presumption of innocence until proven guilty is one the basic principles incorporated in the Criminal code and the Criminal Justice policy. The Courts apply strictly the principles of presumption of innocence, due process in the context of criminal and constitutional law. There are many instances where courts give orders to prosecution on the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair hearing; guarantee to be tried within a reasonable timeframe, the right to be tried by a 53