Endnotes 1 See the Resolution of the African Commission on the Niamey Declaration on Ensuring the Upholding of the African Charter in the Extractive Industries Sector, ACHPR/ Res. 367 (LX) 2017, available at http://www.achpr.org/sessions/60th/resolutions/367/. 2 Examples include the conflicts in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; western Sudan as well as in the Niger Delta in Nigeria. 3 T Hentschel et al (2002); Global Report on Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining 4. 4 See Communication 155/96 – Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) v. Nigeria (2001) (the SERAC case). 5 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative ‘EITI Glossary’, available at https://eiti.org/glossary; Cambridge dictionary definition of ‘extractive industry’ available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/extractive-industry. 6 Financial Times ‘Financial Times Lexicon’ available at http://lexicon.ft.com/ Term?term=extractive-industry. 7 See Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 8 Communication 75/92 - Katangese Peoples’ Congress v. Zaire. 9 Communication 75/92 - Katangese Peoples’ Congress v. Zaire; Communication 211/98 – Legal Resources Centre v Zambia; Communication 279/03-296/05 – Sudan Human Rights Organization and Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) v. Sudan; Communication 276/03 – Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group International (on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council) v. the Republic of Kenya (the Endorois case). 10 See ACHPR, Principles and Guidelines on the implementation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. 11 Definition similar in content to the definition provided for ‘natural resources’ in Article V(1) of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Revised edition) 2003. This definition is also in line with the exposition of natural resources as provided for in paras 123, 124 and 254 of the Endorois decision. 12 See Para. 6 of the Preamble to the African Charter ‘recognizing on the one hand that human rights stem from the attributes of human beings […] and on the other hand, that the reality and respect of peoples’ rights should necessarily guarantee human rights’. 13 Also see the UN Draft Principles on Human Rights and the Environment (produced as attachment to the 1994 Report of the UN Special Rapporteur). 14 The rights and duties of persons are provided for in Articles 1 to 29 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. State Reporting Guidelines and Principles  | 41