Prohibition of Torture and Ill-treatment 44. The Commission is concerned about the lack of criminal legislation that incorporates the full definition of torture as provided for under Article 1 of the Convention against Torture; and the lack of a functional independent mechanism to monitor and conduct impartial investigations into allegations of torture. V. Recommendations 45. In view of the foregoing, the Commission makes the following recommendations to the Government of Ethiopia: Reporting Obligations 46. Ethiopia should: i. ensure it complies with its obligations under Article 62 of the African Charter by implementing these recommendations; ii. respond to all the concerns raised by the Commission on the Initial and Combined 1st to 4th Periodic Report of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, specifically in relation to the following issues: a) the fleeing of judges Wolde-Micheal-Meshesha and Firehiwot Samuel; b) Information on whether there are political prisoners in Ethiopia; c) the failure of Ethiopia to take steps to bring to justice those responsible for the death of protesters in the 2005 post-election violence. Ratification of Regional/International Human Rights Instruments 47. Ethiopia should ratify the following human rights instruments: i. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and make a declaration under Article 34(6) of the Protocol; 15 | P a g e