Mapping Children on the Move within Africa Map 1: Migration and trafficking routes within and out of the IGAD region (Source: Reitano et al (2014: p. 21) Regional TOC Assessment Study, ISSP/IGAD) In Mozambique both domestic and cross-border child trafficking is taking place, particularly of Mozambican citizens to neighbouring states, especially South Africa. Traffickers in Mozambique are locals and foreigners.219 Trafficking takes place for forced labour in mines and quarries as well as for sexual exploitation. Unfortunately, there is no available data on the exact number of children affected by trafficking in Mozambique.220 In Zimbabwe most cases of child trafficking involve trafficking to South Africa although there have been reported cases of victims trafficked from countries like Angola and chad into Zimbabwe.221 According to the Joint Africa-EU Declaration on Migration and Development, child trafficking in Africa is a challenge that must be tackled from different angles including conducting targeted prevention campaigns, offering assistance to victims of trafficking, prosecuting of traffickers and training of relevant authorities.222 Notably, many states have developed policies that address protection, prevention as well as prosecution in respect to irregular migration, trafficking and smuggling.223 However, the main problem arises when it comes to the implementation and enforcement of the laws and policies.224 219 220 221 222 223 224 UNDOC (n 201 above) p 24. IOM, Study on Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia And Zimbabwe 2017 p 23. As above p 24. Joint Africa-EU Declaration on Migration and Development (2006). GIZ et al, irregular Migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa (2016) p 66. As above. 49