Affirmative action was taken for: the organization in November 2011 of a special competition facilitating access for fifty (50) additional women to enrol at the National School of Administration, Journalism and Judicial Training (ENAJM) and the recruitment of eight female lecturers at the university following a competition. Paragraph 4: Education (Article 12) The reform of the education system facilitated the achievement of a gross enrolment rate (GER) of 100% in the primary education sector. This was reflected in effective school attendance by young girls. The parity threshold of 100% has been exceeded. There are hence 103.8% of girls compared to 96.5% boys. This implies that there is a higher number of girls in primary education than boys. At the secondary level, boys are slightly greater in number: 54.8% of boys and 45.1% girls. In higher education, the gap is even wider: 18% of girls and 82% of boys. The literacy rate is 46.3% among women aged 15-19 years and 69.3% among women aged 45-49 years. In addition to their daily chores, mothers indeed have to continue taking care of their children and consequently do not have time to attend literacy programmes or pursue a profitable economic activity. Chapter 2: Protection of Women from Violence Paragraph 1: Physical integrity and dignity including sexual violence, trafficking in women and medical and scientific testing (articles 3 & 4) The MICS surveys in 2007 and 2011 on FGM and the National survey on violence against women (ENVEF2011) provided a situational analysis of the phenomenon of violence against women. Various forms of violence against women are now recognized: - Physical violence: 6.1%, Sexual violence: 14.7%, and Psychological violence: 63.9%. - The overall rate of violence is estimated at more than 68% as a result of psychological abuses. - Crimes of sexual violence are now recognized and support measures adopted. The following legal and institutional measures were taken to end violence against women: - Implementation of the action plan to combat gender-based violence (2014-2018) enabling a comprehensive understanding of the issue and an enhanced management of gender-based violence. - Establishment of a national committee to combat gender-based violence including FGM. - Establishment of a national technical unit to combat gender-based violence including FGM. 57