E. Equality before the Law Article 3 of the African Charter stipulates that “(i) Every individual shall be equal before the 97. law. 2. Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.” Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Chad provides that “Chadians of both sexes 98. have the same rights and duties. They are equal before the law.” Article 14 further states that "the State guarantees equality for all before the Law without distinction of origin, race, gender, religion, political opinion or social position. It has a duty to ensure the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and to ensure the protection of their rights in all areas of private and public life”. 99. With regard to the status of foreign nationals, Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of Chad provides that: “With the exception of political rights, foreign nationals lawfully admitted to the territory of the Republic of Chad shall enjoy the same rights and freedoms as Chadian nationals within the limits of the law. They are required to comply with the Constitution, laws and regulations of the Republic”. 100. The Government has promulgated a number of laws and measures so as to make visible these constitutional provisions, including:  Act No. 16/PR/2006 of 13 March 2006 on the education system policy;  Act No. 17/PR/2001 of 31 December 2001 on Civil Service Regulations;  Act No. 007/PR/2010 of 7 August 2009 on the Electoral Code;  Act No. 008/PR/2013 of 10 May 2013 on the organization of the civil registry in the Republic of Chad;  The reform of the judicial system through the organization of nationwide consultations on the judiciary in 2004;  Unannounced inspections by the General Inspectorate in the various jurisdictions;  Capacity building in the Judiciary through the PRAJUST and PRSJDHEG projects; and  The establishment, by Act No. 032/PR/2009 of 28 December 2009, of a National Judicial Training School within the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights. F. Right to a fair trial 101. Article 7 of the African Charter stipulates that: 1. “Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: a. The right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; b. The right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a Page 28 sur 87