6 THE AFRICA GOVERNANCE REPORT 2019 9. Transformative Transformative Leadership leadership is critical to the realization of the African Union and Member States’ objectives. African political and administrative leadership is at various levels: continental, regional, national and sub-national (such as that in civil society, business, community and social organizations). The leadership at Member State level is central because sovereignty is vested in national entities, and this leadership mediates both intra-state and international social, political, and economic relationships. 10. Transformative leadership drives progressive change and has attributes or qualities including vision, innovation, integrity, inclusivity, responsiveness and effectiveness. Additionally, such leadership should be oriented toward achieving the AU Agenda 2063 aspirations and global UN 2030 (SDG) objectives. 11. African transformative leadership has made significant progress towards consolidating the practice of democracy and formulating National Visions. In addition, the African public appreciates democratic principles and practices, as manifested in their active participation in civil society and through the electoral processes. 12. The following are proposed recommendations for enhancing transformative leadership: Member States should: (a) continue to align their National Visions with the AU Agenda 2063 and UN SDGs, their National Development Plans, and in some cases, the their National Action Plans (from the APRM self-assessment process); (b) end all forms of discrimination and exclusion; (c) promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance; and (d) promote and protect human and peoples’ rights. Con