EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3.72 Codes of practice govern the functioning of the administration, particularly taxation and customs. High-ranking officials as well as public servants should declare their assets both when they assume office and at the end of their term. 3.73 Money laundering is a constant source of concern for the state because of the harmful effects it has on society and the economy. The centralised economic system of the previous three decades encouraged a form of economic and financial delinquency characterised by offences around public procurement processes and the embezzlement of state funds. The process of liberalising the economy has, in turn, produced new types of economic crimes. 3.74 Aware of this situation, the state has established and strengthened legal and administrative mechanisms for combating crimes of this nature. 3.75 The APR Panel‟s recommendations in this regard are directed principally at (i) employers, who should emphasise corporate citizenship, responsibility to the community and probity/ethics in business; and (ii) the government, which should evaluate institutions that might need to be strengthened or established, in order to provide them with the necessary legal, administrative and material frameworks, including strengthening the National Anticorruption Organ. 3.5.3 Gender inequality 3.76 Although successive constitutions have all reaffirmed the principle of equality between the sexes, problems caused by social disparities and inequalities between men and women persist in Algeria. The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Constitution and constantly reaffirmed. Equality under the law extends to all civil, political, economic and social spheres. The application of these principles has encouraged notable progress in education, where enrolment in primary school was 88/89 girls to 100 boys in 2003/2004. At secondary level, the ratio of girls to boys was 136 to 100 in 2004/2005 and at university level, girls accounted for over 61 per cent of graduates in 2004. 3.77 The progress in education and training brought about notable changes in certain professions. Women now represent 37 per cent of magistrates, 50 per cent of teachers, 53 per cent of doctors and 32 per cent of senior management. However, outside of these professions, great disparities persist. Although women currently constitute the majority of the educated elite, they are far from being involved on an equal footing in the economic or political governance of the country. They continue to be under-represented in parliament, ministerial positions, the assemblies of wilayas and communes, and all other high-ranking positions in the public service. Women account for only 14.6 per cent of the employed. 3.78 This paradoxical situation reflects the ambivalence of Algerian society, which is torn between modernity and tradition. It also shows the lack of commitment on the part of some public figures to address the problem of women‟s participation in political life and their integration into the economy. 22