CHAPTER SIX ......................................................................................................... 244 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ............................................... 244 6.1 Introduction: challenges of governance for socio-economic development ............................................................................................ 244 6.2 Ratification and implementation of standards and codes......................... 247 6.3 Assessment of APR objectives ............................................................... 249 CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................. 304 7. Overarching issues .................................................................................. 304 7.1 Reforms and modernisation of the state .................................................. 304 7.2 Corruption and money laundering .......................................................... 307 7.3 Gender equality ....................................................................................... 312 7.4 Youth employment .................................................................................. 314 7.5 Territorial and environmental development ............................................ 316 CHAPTER EIGHT .................................................................................................. 321 8. GENERAL CONCLUSION: CONSTRAINTS AND PERSPECTIVES 321 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 321 8.2 Obstacles to implementation of the PoA and recommendations ............ 322 8.3 Perspectives: looking towards the future ................................................ 325 APPENDICES I. Programme of Action of Algeria ...................................................................... 328 II. Comments from the Government of Algeria on the Report ............................. 402 TABLES 1 Standards and codes for economic governance ................................................ 132 2 Main socio-economic indicators ....................................................................... 144 3 Trade balance .................................................................................................... 145 4 Balance of payments ......................................................................................... 146 5 Liquidity and near-money ................................................................................. 146 6 The operations of the Stabilisation Fund (FRR) ............................................... 159 7 Financial operations of the state (% of GDP) ................................................... 162 8 Structure of budgetary revenue ......................................................................... 163 9 Exports: Intra-North African region ................................................................. 181 10 Structure of trade by product groups in the sub-region .................................... 182 11 Learners according to gender and educational level in the Algerian educational system …........................................................................................................... 268 12 Extended Algerian Immunisation Programme .................................................. 271 BOXES 1 APRM activity report .......................................................................................... 30 2 Algeria‟s historical role in pan-Africanism and the decolonisation of Africa .... 44 3 A brief chronology of Algeria since independence ............................................ 48 4 Amendment to the 1984 Family Code .............................................................. 107 5 The National Association in Support of Children in Difficulty and in Institutions (ANSEDI) ...................................................................................... 118 6 Algeria – pioneer of southern solidarity: the New International Economic Order ................................................................................................................. 136 v

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