2.0 FORCED DISPLACEMENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS: THE CRISIS OF REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN AFRICA Internally displaced women and female refugees are by-products of forced displacement sparked by either natural causes or conflict for the most part,30 though African instruments have widened the scope of causality. The Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population Displacements in Africa, 1994 identified governance challenges at the national level as constituting the root causes of the refugee conundrum.31 The Document urges African governments to concretise the foundational elements of democratic institutions and governance, pursue respect for human rights, economic development and social advancement with a view to solving this crisis. Forced displacement dislodges women, men and children from their origins and depending on their end destination, legally induced distinctions determine their fates. 30 Migration data portal ‘Forced migration or displacement’. Available at https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/forced-migration-or-displacement 31 Adopted by the OAU/UNHCR Symposium on Refugees and Forced Population Displacements in Africa 8 - 10 September 1994 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 21