CHAPTER THREE: DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL GOVERNANCE __________________________________________________________________________ 102. 58  adherence to the principle of subjecting the defence and security forces to the legitimate civil authorities;  the deepening of a democratic culture that fosters the enjoyment of civil and political rights;  respect for the constitution and the affirmation of its supremacy, guaranteed by an independent Constitutional Court;  respect for the principle of democratic changes of government;  strict respect for electoral timetables;  government’s clear willingness to transform; and  adequate human resource potential within and outside Benin to drive development activities. These gains notwithstanding, a critical review of political governance and democracy in Benin brings several worrying issues to the fore, some of which deserve special attention. They are:  The quest for efficiency in political institutions. How do we manage constitutional powers in order to promote democracy, justice and the wellbeing of the citizens? How do we separate powers but still ensure that responsibilities are clearly defined?  The credibility and efficiency of the multiparty system in the light of the proliferation of political parties in Benin. There are over 150 parties (for 3 million voters), of which only 30 or so meet the requirements of the Charter of Political Parties.  The challenge of the transparency, sincerity and credibility of elections, which are contributors to peace and stability. Is it possible to guarantee free and fair elections in the absence of a consensual and secure voters’ register? How can this be done when 2 million Beninese nationals do not possess birth certificates or identity cards?  The effectiveness of the rule of law, its application and compliance with it by everyone so as to ensure the security of the country’s citizens and assets. How do we ensure that freedom and democracy do not degenerate into indiscipline, civil disturbance or even anarchy?  The efficiency of the justice system which, notwithstanding the current reforms, still falls short of satisfying plaintiffs and investors in terms of access, speed, integrity, efficiency and the credibility of the decisions taken, among others.  The challenge of modernising and depoliticising Benin’s public administration, and ensuring efficiency in it, so that it can play the dual role of public service provider and developmental tool.