(2017) 1 African Human Rights Yearbook 29 leave for the cities, often leaving their children with extended family (where it has been shown they are at a heightened risk of abuse) 24 or in the most extreme cases migration can be across national borders. This can range from smaller displacements, such as the 90 000 people displaced by floods in the Zambezi River Valley during 2008, to more than 2.6 million people displaced by the drying up of large parts of Lake Chad.25 Whether because of internal displacements, often the result of a natural disaster, or beyond their borders, people in camps for internally displaced persons or refugees face further violations. In such camps there is often no provision for separate facilities for women and children, ‘who may put off going to the toilet until it is dark’ in order to have some privacy, which then exposes them to ‘the risk of sexual violence’.26 Other challenges related to privacy relate to the ‘ability and willingness’ of mothers to breastfeed in crowded camp conditions, the absence of which leads to an increased risk of ‘malnutrition and infectious disease in infants’. Another challenge is the lack of priority given to education in these camps, with ‘only half of child refugees globally […] enrolled in primary schools globally’.27 Finally, in the chaos resulting from migration, more particularly following natural disasters, there is a risk of children being separated from their families, which heightens the risk of sexual and other abuse.28 In cross-border migration it is particularly adolescent girls who are at risk of sexual violence and exploitation, ‘including at borders when corrupt government officials or smugglers may demand sex in exchange for onward passage’.29 As discussed briefly above, climate induced migration is closely linked to conflict, both as a cause and a consequence. There is some evidence that ‘the shrinking of Lake Chad to a tenth of its former size’ is the result of climate change in conjunction with over-use, and the resultant migration of 2.6 million people, including 1.5 million children, looking for alternative water and food sources ‘contributed to the pressures triggering the conflict in the region’.30 The conflict in Darfur has also been characterised by the previous UN Secretary General as a ‘climate’ conflict.31 Such migration and conflict resulting from climatic pressures lead to increased risk of violence against 24 UNESCAP ‘Regional Stakeholders’ Consultation and Planning on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Child Sex Abuse in the Pacific’ (2007). 25 CDKN (n 14 above) 11. 26 UNICEF (n 11 above) 17. 27 UNICEF (n 11 above) 11; UNICEF ‘Uprooted: the growing crisis for refugee and migrant children’ (2016). 28 Children in a Changing Climate Coalition (n 16 above) 24; Ruppel (n 16 above) 284. 29 DJJ O’Connell ‘Telling tales: child migration and child trafficking: stories of trafficking obscure the realities for migrant children’ (2013) 37 Child Abuse & Neglect 1069-1079. 30 UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office ‘Children on the move, children left behind’ (2016) www.unicef.org/media/files/Children_on_the_Move_Children_ Left_Behind.pdf (accessed 12 October 2017); UNICEF (n 11 above) 18. 31 Ban Ki Moon ‘A climate culprit In Darfur’ in Washington Post 16 June 2007 http:// www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/15/AR2007061501857. html (accessed 12 October 2017).