Table 17: Childhood Mortality Indicators, by Sex of Child, Residence and Province, 1980 - 2000 Characteristics Zambia Sex of Child Male Female Residence Rural Urban Province Central Copperbelt Eastern Luapula Lusaka Northern North-Western Southern Western Infant Mortality Rate (per ‘000) 1980 1990 2000 Child Mortality Rate (per’000) 1980 1990 2000 Under Five Mortality Rate (per’000) 1980 1990 2000 99 123 110 71 95 82 121 151 162 101 94 127 120 120 100 73 66 98 91 91 72 124 115 157 146 169 155 106 89 133 106 117 91 78 61 104 77 89 64 132 108 164 128 180 126 81 87 128 127 87 104 77 94 106 105 109 149 161 106 137 103 97 141 100 91 129 132 88 130 83 93 140 54 59 99 99 60 75 50 66 77 77 81 120 132 78 108 75 69 113 72 63 100 103 60 101 56 65 111 100 97 177 161 106 127 95 115 132 129 132 206 199 129 169 126 118 175 144 126 196 224 126 180 137 138 201 Source: CSO Census of Population and Housing, 2000 150. Under-Five Mortality Rate5 continued to increase between 1980 and 2000. It increased by about 7 percent, from 151 to 162 deaths per 1000 children between 1990 and 2000, respectively. 151. Statistics show that life expectancy6, which is also a mortality indicator, recorded an increase between 1990 and 2000 (Table 1.1). In 1990 life expectancy was 47 years and by 2000 it increased to 50 years. This increase is still lower than the 1980 estimate of 52 years. As will be seen from Table 1.1 the female life expectancy is higher than that of males; that is 53, 48 and 52 years in 1980, 1990 and 2000 respectively, as 5 Under-five Mortality Rate, refers to the number of deaths among children aged below five years per thousand (1000) live births per year. It constitutes both infant and child mortality. 6 Life expectancy refers to the average number of years a newly born child is expected to live, if the current existing mortality conditions were to prevail for a long time. 76

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