ACERWC African Committee of Experts on the Rights & Welfare of the Child of lack of documentation or travel documents for children and adults entering into Zimbabwe as they transit to other states such as South Africa and Botswana.178 Smuggling is particularly alleged to be prevalent along the Zimbabwe-Botswana route; the smugglers are locally known as ‘Omalayitshas.’179 Zimbabwe and Botswana entered into an MOU to assist current collaborative efforts to deal with smuggling across the two states’ borders.180 Many persons move from Zimbabwe in pursuit of work in South Africa. After reaching South Africa, they send for their children who often travel as unaccompanied children without travel documents.181 Smugglers assist the children cross the border and sometimes they have to bribe border officials from both states.182 The parents pay to the smugglers about USD 55 per child.183 In Zambia several children are smuggled across the border, for instance by truck drivers.184 However, front line officials have made attempts to put in place measures that deal with smuggling such as the use of ‘sophisticated technologies to detect, for example, hidden compartments in trucks where people are concealed.’185 In many countries in the East and Horn of Africa evidence exists that corruption facilitates smuggling operations.186 Kenya is a key transit hub for adult and child migrants from the East and Horn of Africa mainly on the route to South Africa.187 The length of stay in Kenya depends on the resources that the migrants have to pay smugglers to assist their onward journey.188 In Somalia smuggling has thrived because of instability and lack of government capacity to deal with the menace.189 There has been an increase in Somalis seeking assistance from smugglers to get to Libya.190 Those traveling to Kenya are taken by smugglers either close to Dadaab refugee camp or the border between Somalia and Kenya.191 Without concerted efforts from governments to address the scourge of smuggling hundreds of thousands will continue to be exploited and have their rights violated. 3.2.2.2 Trafficking Trafficking is also a key driver of movement of children in Africa. A survey conducted by IOM in 2017 of children192 having travelled through North Africa, 57% of them responded positively to questions related to human trafficking; most children originated from Eastern, Western, Central 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 IOM, Study on Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia And Zimbabwe 2017 p 73. As above. As above. J Moyo, Rampant child smuggling https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/many-children-are-smuggledzimbabwe-south-africa (accessed 20 June 2018). As above. As above. IOM, Study on Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia And Zimbabwe 2017 P 55. As above. GIZ et al, irregular Migration from and in the East and Horn of Africa (2016) p 9. As above. As above. As above. As above. As above. Not all respondents were of African origin. Among national groups with more than 50 respondents, Bangladeshis, Somalis and Senegalese were those with the highest share of positive responses (96%, 95% and 92%) while the lowest share of positive respondents was among Tunisians (6%), Iraqis and Libyans (10% both) and Syrians (16 %). 46