3. As has been noted, full, legal title may not be the best immediate option (though in the long-term, this is a good aspiration). Other mechanisms that create greater security and build on familiar social relationships should be identified and examined. The APRM has not taken much cognisance of CAADP; it should do so in future. The 2003 Maputo Declaration, as further reaffirmed and enhanced by the 2014 Malabo Declaration, should be recognised as a standard, and future reviews should investigate the progress that countries are making towards meeting its requirements. growth and sustainable development in the past 510 years and what has been their effectiveness?‖ APRM standards deal with under-development of the services sector in a somewhat roundabout fashion. The following four standards have particular relevance to the need to develop the services sector:     Bottleneck 9: Under-development of the services sector AU, AU Constitutive Act (2000, Lomé, Togo) OAU, The New Partnership for Africa‘s Development (NEPAD) (2001) OAU, Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (1991, Abuja, Nigeria) UN, World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development (2002, Johannesburg, South Africa) These standards are premised on the understanding that the services sector as a whole – or particular industries within it, such as tourism, ICT or financing – has significant potential opportunities that need to be realised. Under these standards, the services sectors are to be modernised and expanded, and cooperation between countries to be enhanced so as to create large and integrated markets. Likewise, Agenda 2063 also recognises the importance of a modern, accessible and efficient services sector to Africa‘s future. Agenda 2063 acknowledges, for example, that Africa ‗lags behind other regions of the world in financial sector development‘.218 Concept On one level, services such as banking and insurance provide essential support to other elements of the economy. On another level, the modern economy has generated much demand for services like tourism, entertainment and the maintenance of technology, many of which depend more on skills than on natural endowments. As the President pointed out, producing services ―tends to require relatively less natural capital and more human capital than producing agricultural or industrial goods. As a result, demand has grown for more educated workers, prompting countries to invest more in education—an overall benefit to their people. Another benefit of the growing service sector is that by using fewer natural resources than agriculture or industry, it puts less pressure on the local, regional, and global environment.‖217 This section is related to Bottlenecks no. 2 (interference with the private sector) no. 4 (fragmented markets, market access and expansion) no. 5 (lack of industrialisation and low value addition), no. 7, (under-development of human resources), and no. 8 (under-development of agriculture). Finally, there are also a number of standards which are germane to the operation of service industries, but mostly setting parameters for their effective and disciplined operation. These standards include those dealing with corporate governance, such as those produced by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The services sector covers a wide-range of activities, including sales, entertainment, transport, accommodation, banking, insurance, legal work and government. This diversity makes it impossible to assess the sector in its entirety. As a result, we have chosen tourism and financial services (banking) as examples to help shed more light on this bottleneck in the context of Africa. We chose the two sectors because of their relative significance for Africa at its current stage of development. It is also notable at the outset that the state of the services sector varies significantly by country. What the APRM does about underdevelopment of the services sector The APRM deals with this issue in the EGM thematic area under Objective 1 on design and implementation of economic policies for sustainable development, where Question 2 asks: ―What sectoral economic policies has your country developed and implemented to promote economic Banking 217 218 For the most part, the CRRs depict the financial services industry in the reviewed countries as a bifurcated one. Larger, formalised, ‗traditional‘ banks and financial institutions coexist with smaller, often informal micro- See Discussion Paper, p. 9. 47 Agenda 2063, p. 47.