The international context .................................................................................................................................. 33
Commodity dependence .................................................................................................................................. 34
SURVEY RESULTS: ............................................................................................................................................. 34
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT LACK OF INDUSTRIALISATION AND LOW VALUE ADDITION .................... 34
BOTTLENECK 6: UNDER-DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................ 35
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
FIGURE 4: ESTIMATED FUNDING NEEDS FOR AFRICAN INFRASTRUCTURE, 2010 ($ BILLION) .............................................. 36
What the APRM does about under-developed infrastructure ................................................................................ 37
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT UNDER-DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................... 38
BOTTLENECK 7: UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES ........................................................... 38
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES ............................................................. 39
Health ............................................................................................................................................................ 39
TABLE 3: CAUSES OF DEATH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 2014..................................................................................... 40
Education ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
TABLE 4: PROPORTION OF CHILDREN IN SCHOOL BUT NOT LEARNING ........................................................................... 42
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES ............................... 43
BOTTLENECK 8: UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE .................................................................... 43
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE ..................................................................... 44
Landholding .................................................................................................................................................... 46
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE........................................ 46
BOTTLENECK 9: UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICES SECTOR ...................................................... 47
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 47
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICES SECTOR ......................................................... 47
Banking .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Tourism .......................................................................................................................................................... 50
TABLE 5: INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS IN AFRICA, 2000-2014 (MILLIONS)............................................................ 50
TABLE 6: LEVEL OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA......................................................................... 51
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT: UNDER-DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICES SECTOR........................... 51
BOTTLENECK 10: A NON-RESPONSIVE CIVIL SERVICE ............................................................................ 51
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 51
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT NON-RESPONSIVE CIVIL SERVICE ............................................................................... 52
The African Charter on Public Service and Administration: an Opportunity the APRM must Seize ........................... 54
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT NON-RESPONSIVE CIVIL SERVICE .................................................. 54
BOTTLENECK 11: ATTACKS ON DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE .......................................................... 55
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT ATTACKS ON DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE ............................................................... 55
Elections ........................................................................................................................................................ 56
Constitutionalism and the rule of law ................................................................................................................. 57
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT ATTACKS ON DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE.................................. 59
BOTTLENECK 12: LACK OF DOMESTIC RESOURCE MOBILISATION, WITH A FOCUS ON FISCAL REVENUES
FROM NATURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................. 59
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 59
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT LACK OF DOMESTIC RESOURCE MOBILISATION .............................................................. 59
SURVEY RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................. 61
WHAT – OR WHAT MORE – CAN THE APRM DO ABOUT LACK OF DOMESTIC RESOURCE MOBILISATION ................................. 61
BOTTLENECK 13: STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES IN ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES ...................................... 61
CONCEPT ........................................................................................................................................................ 62
WHAT THE APRM DOES ABOUT STRUCTURAL INEQUALITIES IN ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITIES ............................................. 62
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