136 Kariseb/Implementation of article 9 of the Women’s Rights Protocol in Namibia its legitimacy masculine; and the perpetuation of masculine immensity. In principle, as aptly held by Hillary Charlesworth, ‘long-term male domination of all bodies wielding political power [sic] means that issues traditionally of concern to men are seen as general human concerns; ‘women’s concerns,’ by contrast, are regarded as a distinct and limited category.’10 Social concerns, such as sexual violence, of which women are generally victims, become side lined and (un)regulated because they hardly affect, or interest, the male who holds public regulatory power. Women’s inclusion is also a matter of human rights and justice.11 Their inclusion is thus evidence of a ‘genuine representative democracy’. Furthermore, women bring with them a set of values and experiences to the political arena that are relevant for their empowerment and can only be best expressed by them because of their unique, inherent experience. In her overall research on ethics, women’s psychology and girl’s development, American psychologist and feminist, Carol Gilligan, makes this astute point clearer.12 In her 1982 classical study In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development, Gilligan makes the point that there are gender differences in a person’s moral development and reasoning.13 According to Gilligan’s findings, justice and individual rights are perceived by men as essential elements for policy formulation and general reasoning; whereas to women, questions of care and relationships are quite essential to such reasoning. Although Gilligan’s theory has not escaped serious questioning,14 by highlighting the gendered differences in human psychology, her work shows to a considerable extent, that women can ‘add value’ to the structural processes of society given the ‘care-justice distinct’ between females and males. What one can deduce from Gilligan’s theory is that the inclusion of women automates reasoning and contributions that are 10 11 12 13 14 H Charlesworth ‘Human rights as men’s rights’ in J Peters & A Wolper (eds) Women’s rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (1995) 105. A Phillips ‘Democracy and representation: or, why should it matter who our elected representatives are?’ in A Philips (ed) Feminism and politics: Oxford readings in feminism (1998) 224. See generally, C Gilligan & DAJ Richards The deepening darkness: patriarchy, resistance, and democracy’s future (2009) 1; C Gilligan The birth of pleasure (2002) 1; A Alfred, A Knopf, J Taylor, C Gilligan & A Sullivan Between voice and silence: women and girls, race and relationships (1995); L Brown & C Gilligan ‘Meeting at the crossroads: women’s psychology and girls’ development’ (1993) 3(1) Feminism and Psychology 11-35; C Gilligan In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development (1982) 1; C Gilligan & JM Murphy ‘Moral development in late adolescence and adulthood: a critique and reconstruction of Kohlberg’s theory’(1980) 23 Human Development 77-104; C Gilligan ‘Woman’s place in man’s life cycle’ (1979) 49 Harvard Educational Review 431-446; C Gilligan & L Kohlberg ‘The adolescent as a philosopher: the discovery of the self in a post-conventional world’ (1971) 100 Daedalus 10541087. C Gilligan In a different voice: psychological theory and women’s development (1982) 1. See for instance, D Nails ‘Social-scientific sexism: Gilligan’s mismeasure of man’ (1983) 50 Social Research 643-664; JM Broughton ‘Women’s rationality and men’s virtues: a critique of gender dualism in Gilligan’s theory of moral development’ (1983) 50 Social Research 597-642.