3.3 Assessment of the Performance of APRM Objectives Objective 1: Prevention and Reduction of Intra-and Inter-State Conflicts I. Summary of the CSAR Intra-State Conflicts 104. Intra-state conflicts invariably occur within clans or groups within the same nationality or ethnic-based communities; between nationalities or ethnic communities within the same regional state; or between nationalities or ethnic communities across regional state borders. The CSAR concludes that these conflicts, when they occur, are often caused or driven by (a) resource scarcities resulting from environmental degradation and climate change, causing drought that affects pasture and water points; (b) competition over the introduction of new resources such as food aid, the construction of new water dams, and new permanent settlements; (c) competing territorial claims by different national or ethnic groups; (d) power struggles related to issues of identity (e.g. indigenous versus non-indigenous) and political representation. 105. Besides these sources of conflict, the CSAR identifies a number of other potential sources of conflict: economic inequalities and inequitable distribution of wealth, both within and between regional states; mismanagement of diversity, especially as it pertains to religion; improperly addressed challenges of refugees and displaced people; and, the emergence of organised crime. 106. The CSAR reports that according to the federal police, several organised criminal groups - largely in border areas – have attempted to control smuggling routes and the contraband trade. These groups exist in inter-state border areas between Ethiopia and Djibouti, in Dire Dawa City, and in the Ethiopian-Somalia border areas. There are also organised armed criminal groups in the Wellega area, in Dembidollo wereda. The CSAR stresses that according to the federal police, these criminal groups have no larger economic linkages neither do they have any political connections. As such, if the problem goes unchecked, it could encourage robbery and other crimes such as cattle raiding and terrorist acts. Regional police authorities currently register small arms without identifying their source. These lax practices can pose a serious problem. 107. Sources of violent conflicts are typically latent and do not erupt into conflict without triggers. In the context of Ethiopia, the CSAR identified flawed governance interventions in regional and local administration disputes, the lack of a culture of good governance and rule of law, and illicit inflows of small arms and light - 70 -