Article 29 Trafficking - There has been very little research into the extent of human trafficking and related abuses (including pornography and prostitution) in Tanzania. The information available suggest that Tanzania is a source and - possibly - a transit country for children trafficked for forced labour and sexual exploitation to South Africa Europe and the Middle East.61 Children are also being internally trafficked from rural to urban areas. The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) is currently carrying out further research. The Government also intends to commission a study on human trafficking in the URT so as to discern the magnitude of the problem and take appropriate action or interventions. Most of the provisions spelt out in the Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography ( ratified in April 2003) have already been incorporated in the legislation of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. Under the laws of Tanzania, trafficking of all persons, including women and children, is criminalized, as is child prostitution and pornography. However, current provisions lack precise definitions and do not cover all the elements and forms of trafficking, prostitution and pornography detailed either in this or other international Protocols. 62 In addition, legal redress is lacking, for despite being a criminal offence since 1998, to date no case of trafficking that has been brought to the Courts. The mainland of Tanzania has, however, drafted a new comprehensive Anti-Trafficking of Persons Bill to be tabled before the National Assembly by the end of 2006. Trafficking is punishable by up to thirty years of imprisonment. 63 Abduction - Under the Penal Code and Penal Act of the Mainland and Zanzibar 61 UNICEF’, ‘Insight on Trafficking in Human Beings Especially Women and Children in Africa’, 2003. The US State Department’s 2006 Trafficking in Persons. 62 For example, the UN Convention Against Translational Organized Crime supplementary Protocol to Prevent and Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person Especially Women and Children. 63 This is applied if any person engages in the acts of buying, selling or bartering of any person for money or for any other consideration promotes, facilitates or induces the buying or selling or bartering or the placement in adoption of any person for money or for any other consideration. 69