Assessment of 2002/319 reported that they are often subjected to discrimination, bullying and neglect both at home and at school. More intense forms of mistreatment such as physical abuse (rape, beatings) were also reported and were given as a reason that children take to the street. Girls are particularly vulnerable due to gender-based discrimination and are at higher risk of sexual abuse. Problems of forced marriage were also noted 20 and the practice of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) persists in a number of communities (see article 21). Findings from the research and public hearings on child abuse carried out in 11 regions of the country in 2005 by the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (in response to the UN Secretary-General’s study on violence against children) revealed 307 cases, of which 29 per cent were related to sexual abuse, 26 per cent to violence and physical abuse, 32 per cent to child neglect or negligent treatment of children and 13 per cent to emotional abuse.21 Community consultations on child abuse in 50 schools participating in the UNICEF-supported Child Friendly School Initiative also identified a number of problems, including harsh practices of corporal punishment in schools that go beyond Ministry of Education directives22 and traumatizing pupils to the point of dropping out; unpaid labour undertaken by children for teachers and at home; the use of abusive language, and neglect and sexual abuse in both schools and homes. Some 815 cases of child abuse were reported in Zanzibar between 2001-2005 of which 166 were cases of rape and 99 of abandoned children (please see annex 5, table a). 19 Research and Analysis Working Group (R&AWG), 2004. Vulnerability and Resilience to Poverty in Tanzania: causes, Consequences and Policy Implications. 2002/03 Tanzania Participatory Poverty Assessment: Main Report. 20 Ibid. 21 See Robert V. Makaramba, Commissioner, Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance. 2004 (April) Child abuse and trauma situation: an overview paper presented at the Child Abuse and Trauma Consultative Meeting, at UNICEF Conference Centre, Dar es Salaam, consultative meeting 22 Corporal punishment may only be is administered for serious breaches of school discipline or grave offences. Permissible punishment is defined as “striking a pupil on his hand or on his normally clothed buttocks with a light flexible stick but excluded striking a child with any other instruments or any other part of the body”. The Government has reduced the number of strokes from 6 to 4. Only Head Teachers or Head Masters are allowed to administer corporal punishment. Female pupils may only receive corporal punishment from female teachers. 22