8.
In 1980, President William Richard Tolbert Jr. was assassinated by members of the
Armed Forces of Liberia and a new military government of the People’s Redemption Council
(PRC), with Master Sgt. Samuel Kanyon Doe as head of State, was established. As the first native
ruler in the history of the country, Samuel Doe’s government initially enjoyed great popularity
and support. However, the summary public execution of 13 ex‐ministers greatly shocked the
world and in retrospect, likely set the stage for decades of human rights violations and the
breakdown of the rule of law. Over the following years political intolerance and human rights
violations compromised the public image of the government.
9.
In 1989, several hundred rebels, mostly drawn from ethnic groups persecuted during
Doe’s regime, invaded Nimba County from Cote D’ivoire. and indiscriminately killed hundreds
of unarmed civilians, raped women and children and burned villages, this deadly
counterinsurgencies led to the fleeing of over 160,000 civilians to neighboring Guinea and Ivory
Coast and endeared the local population to the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), which
came to be led by Charles Taylor.
10.
By 1990, the NPFL had grown into a vast irregular army occupying about 90% of the
country. In early July 1990, Prince Johnson broke away from Charles Taylor and formed the
Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL). While Taylor’s forces continued to
control most of the country, Prince Johnson’s guerrillas seized most of Monrovia undermining
NPFL’s standing as the sole contender for power. Refusing to surrender or even step down as a
President, Doe and his troops remained held up in the Executive Mansion and the surrounding
areas. Meanwhile, Liberia lied in ruins.
11.
As the stalemate deepened, all warring factions became frantic and exacted their
frustrations on the unarmed population trapped in their controlled territories. Massacres, rape,
torture, secret killings, abductions, recruitment of child soldiers, forced labor, ethnic cleansing
and ethnic profiling, destruction of property and looting became the order of the day. Young
girls and women were targeted and raped and abducted as bush wives and sexual slaves.
Refugees streamed into neighboring countries and many villages and towns were forcefully
displaced. In August of 1990, in an attempt to keep warring factions apart and protect the
civilian population, an ECOWAS peacekeeping force‐ECOMOG‐arrived in Liberia.
12.
Subsequently, Doe and many of his supporters were wiped out at the Freeport of
Monrovia on September 9, 1990 by Johnson’s. With both Johnson and Taylor claiming the
Presidency, Dr. Amos C. Sawyer was appointed as head of the Interim Government of National
Unity (IGNU).
13.
Starting in early 1990, a number of peace agreements were brokered and broken. As
more and more factions emerged, human rights and humanitarian crisis in Liberia intensified.
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