143. This prohibition is extended to the exercise of suffrage since political parties and coalitions of political parties which compete for the expression of suffrage cannot be « identified with a race, an ethnic group, with gender, religion, a denomination, a language or a region ». 144. The Constitution also states that « any act of racial, ethnic or religious discrimination including any act of regionalist propaganda that could cause a breach of internal security of the State or to the territorial integrity of the Republic 43» shall be severely sanctioned by law in view of the fact that in this country, there is « neither subject, nor privilege of place of birth, person or family.44 ». 145. While establishing parity between men and women to elected offices45, through the Constitutional review of 2008, the Constitution expressly banned «any discrimination between men and women in the area of employment, wages and taxes46». 146. At the legislative level, the implementation of these mandatory provisions necessitated the formulation, promulgation and the review of several laws, in particular:  Law n° 79-02 of 4 January 1979 abrogating and replacing paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 814 of the Code of Civil and Commercial Obligations, and Article 2 of Law n° 68-08 of 26 March 1968 amending Chapter II of Book VI of the Code of Civil and Commercial Obligations and penalizing the establishment of illegal associations ;  Law n° 79-03 of 4 January 1979 abrogating and replacing paragraph 1 of Article 5 of Law n° 65-40 of 22 May 1965 on seditious associations;  Law n° 81-17 of 15 May 1981 on political parties ;  Law n° 81-77 of 10 December 1981 on prosecution of acts of racial , ethnic or religious discrimination ;  The penal Code, in which new provisions corresponding to Articles 166(a)47, 256(a)48 and 257(a) were incorporated. 43 44 45 46 See Article 5 of the Constitution. See Article 7 of the Constitution. See paragraph 5 of Article 7 of the Constitution. See Article 25 of the Constitution. 47 « Any official in the administrative and judicial system, any official vested with an elective office or any official of State entities, any State official or employee, public establishments, national companies, semi-public companies or bodies corporate enjoying the financial support of a public authority, who refuse without any legitimate reason to accord a natural person or a corporate entity, the right to the enjoyment of a right based on racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of between three-months and two years and a fine of between 10 000 and 2 000 000 francs.» 25. 48 « Shall be liable to the same penalties like the ones stipulated in Article 56 (one month to two years imprisonment and a fine of between 250 000 and 300 000 francs), anyone who must have posted, exhibited or projected for public view ; offered, even for free, even where it is not publicly done, in whatsoever form it may be, 34