125. The CSAR highlighted several other cases of intra-state conflict in Tanzania. They include the following: (i) ongoing conflicts over trading locations between a unit of the security sector, the Field Force Unit, and the petty traders and food vendors who sell their wares on the streets; (ii) violent conflicts between artisanal miners and AFGEM - the South African-owned mining company - and several other gold mining companies. As a general rule, these clashes have led to human rights abuses with several miners shot dead or gravely wounded; (iii) conflicts between pastoralists and agriculturalists over the use of land in the central and southern parts of the country; and (iv) simmering, although not very pronounced, religious cleavages between Christians and Muslims, and inter-denominational conflict between the fundamentalists and conventionalists among both Muslim and Christians. 126. The CSAR drew attention to the low level of citizen awareness of conflict resolution mechanisms available in the country and how they work. The public seems to prefer to turn to the courts for conflict resolution. However, dialogue and recourse to interlocutors such as religious institutions and mediation by councils of elders or forums are also commonly used as conflict prevention or resolution mechanisms. Government officials and political leaders are the least-favoured option for resolving conflicts in the society. Inter-state conflict 127. According to the CSAR, the URT ratified and acceded to several regional and international instruments relating to conflict prevention, management and resolution. The instruments include (i) the SADC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation (Article 9, 1996); and (ii) the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (IC/ GLR) that spearheaded the Dar es Salaam Declaration (DD) on Peace, Security, Stability and Development. The country has also contributed to Peace Support Missions under the auspices of the United Nations or the African Union in Lebanon, Eritrea/Tanzania, Southern Sudan, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Comoros, and Sudan (Darfur). 128. The CSAR took note of the few interstate (border) land conflicts that are usually resolved bilaterally, especially in the Kagera region bordering on Uganda. lI. Findings of the CRM Intra-state conflicts 129. Ever since independence, of the countries in the East African sub-region, Tanzania’s record for maintaining internal peace and harmony is commendable. Internal disputes or political rumblings and conflicts experienced in recent years reflect the teething pains of a transition to a market-driven economy from a socialist-oriented economy, and to a multi-party state from a one-party state. The form these recent disputes, rumblings and conflicts have taken is illustrated in the paragraphs that follow. 130. Stakeholder consultations by the CRM showed that public opinion in Mainland Tanzania is divided over the current status of the Union. Many stakeholders claim that Zanzibar enjoyed more autonomy than Mainland Tanzania because, unlike Mainland Tanzania, it has legislative competence over non-Union matters whereas, under the present Constitution of the URT, legislative competence over non-Union Matters - in so far as they relate to Mainland Tanzania - is vested in the Government of the United Republic. 131. Opinions varied, however, on what would need to be done to address the constitutional asymmetry between Zanzibar and Mainland Tanzania arising from the lack of competence over non-Union Matters by Mainland Tanzania. Non-Union Matters are not listed under the First Schedule to the Constitution of the URT as Union Matters. While some stakeholders in Mainland Tanzania advocated for more autonomy in the form of political devolution to the regions and districts in Mainland Tanzania, other stakeholders canvassed for the creation of one or more Governments, with legislative competence over non-Union matters, in Mainland Tanzania. The CRM, therefore, believes that unless this constitutional asymmetry is creatively addressed, it will remain a potential source of intra-state acrimony. 132. Another set of disputes and conflict revolves around land. Land has remained under state control since 47