African Union (vii) Describe any challenges that the organizations in your country listed in questions 1 to 3 above may have in accessing any of the sources of capital mentioned above and what measures, if any, are being put in place to overcome the challenges. Please give detailed explanations with supporting material where applicable. Objective 2: Ensuring Effective Leadership and Accountability of Organisations This objective focuses on assessing the mechanisms and practices introduced in your country to ensure more effective leadership and accountability of all the types of organizations listed in objective one above. Bodies that exercise leadership in a particular organization vary including boards of directors, boards of governors, Trustees, management Committees etc. It may be difficult to assess whether leadership in a particular organization is effective or not but corporate governance sets out certain practices to assist leaders in becoming more effective and it is the adoption of these within organizations in your country that this objective is trying to assess. The practices are: a.The adoption of corporate governance and ethics codes b. Clear and comprehensive articles of association, trust deed etc. c.Robust and transparent procedure for the appointment of members of boards. d. No one dominant personality on a Board where external capital is being used by the organization. e.The use of non-executive and independent members of the Board where appropriate f. Board Charters to include matters reserved to the Board and those delegated to individuals or Board committees. g. The holding of regular board meetings. h. Board evaluations. Accountability is usually defined as the accountability of the Board to the owners of the organization and in certain circumstances to key stakeholders. QUESTION 1: How does the Corporate Governance framework in your country provide for effective leadership of all the types of organizations listed in objective one above? INDICATORS (i) Describe the following for each of the different types of organizations listed in objective one above: a. The predominant type of board structure adopted (i.e. is it a unitary or two-tier board structure). Explain any variations in board structure between organizations in the private, public and not-for profit sectors. 55