The Africa Governance Report socio-economic development, and the weakest in democracy and political governance. AU Member States have also performed satisfactorily in economic governance and management and corporate governance. Transformative Leadership 10. Transformative leadership is critical to the realization of the African Union and Member States’ objectives. African political and administrative leadership is at various levels: continental, regional, national and sub-national (in civil society, business, community and social organizations). Leadership at Member State level is central because sovereignty is vested in national entities, and this leadership mediates both intra-state and international social, political, and economic relationships. 11. Transformative leadership drives progressive change and its attributes or qualities include vision, innovation, integrity, inclusivity, responsiveness and effectiveness. Such leadership should focus on achieving the AU Agenda 2063 aspirations and global UN 2030 (SDG) objectives. 12. African transformative leadership has made significant progress towards consolidating the practice of democracy and formulating national visions. The African public appreciates democratic principles and practices, as manifested in their active participation in civil society and in the electoral processes. 13. The following are recommendations that can enhance transformative leadership: AU Member States should: (a) continue to align their National Visions, National Development Plans, and in some cases, National Action Plans (from the APRM self-assessment process) with the AU Agenda 2063 and UN SDGs; (b) end all forms of discrimination and exclusion; (c) promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance; and (d) promote and protect human and peoples’ rights. Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law 14. Constitutionalism and the rule of law refer to recognition of the supremacy of the law where the law is the basis for political decision-making and administrative action. In concrete terms, it entails: (a) respect for law and respect for the rights of human beings; (b) the separation of powers; (c) public participation in governance; (d) accountability of the three arms of government to the public; (e) independence of the legislature and the judiciary; (f) accountability and effectiveness of the bureaucracy; and (g) access to justice. 15. There are signs of progress in African constitutionalism and the rule of law, including: a. encouragement of democratization. b. respect for presidential term limits, generally. c. respect of human rights. d. Introduction of institutional checks and balances, including systems for judicial review. 16. However, some constraints and challenges still require action. For example, AU Member States should: (a) set up and empower mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of integrity and anticorruption programmes and strategies; (b) incorporate local and customary practices in their formal criminal justice systems; and (c) submit periodic reports as required by the instruments they have committed themselves to. Peace, Security and Governance 17. There are many instruments that have as objective to enhance peace, security and good governance. The AU has committed to implementing decisions and actions that would lead to peace, security and good governance and to “Silencing the Guns” by 2020. There have been several efforts by the AU, RECs, and Member States to prevent and mediate conflict and restore stability. 18. Although the number of large-scale inter-state wars has declined, instances of intra-state conflict, violence, unrest, and terrorism appear to have increased in the last two decades. 19. The Report make a number of recommendations to promote peace, security and governance. AU Member States Page 13 of 96