PART 4. INVESTIGATING SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND PROSECUTING
THOSE RESPONSIBLE........................................................................................ 30
A. CRIMINALIZATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE............................................................. 30
39. national legal framework.............................................................................................. 30
B. INITIATION AND PROGRESS OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION........................................ 31
40. preliminary investigation................................................................................................. 31
40. 1. warning system and reporting sexual violence. ....................................................... 31
40. 2. specialized investigation and prosecution units. ...................................................... 31
40. 3. legal assistance and legal representation»............................................................. 32
40. 4. evidence-gathering................................................................................................ 32
40. 5. informed consent of victims in gathering forensic evidence..................................... 33
41. legal prosecution launched and conducted by the public prosecutor. .............................. 34
41. 1. legal action initiated and conducted by the public prosecutor. ............................... 34
41. 2. participation of the victims and witnesses in the proceedings.................................... 34
41. 3. participation of associations in legal proceedings................................................... 35
41. 4. age of sexual consent........................................................................................... 35
41. 5. other measures for access to justice for the victims of sexual violence. .................. 35
42. measures for protecting the victims and witnesses of sexual violence............................... 35
42. 1. general measures................................................................................................... 35
42. 2. special measures for the participation and protection of children victims or
witnesses of sexual violence.............................................................................................. 36
43. sentencing and applicable penalties................................................................................. 36
43. 1. penalties............................................................................................................... 36
43. 2. statute of limitations............................................................................................. 37
43. 3. immunity. .............................................................................................................. 37
43. 4. clemency, amnesty and pardon............................................................................... 37
C. INVESTIGATING AND PROSECUTING CRIMES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN
SITUATIONS OF CONFLICT AND CRISIS AS INTERNATIONAL CRIMES ..................... 37
44. international crimes....................................................................................................... 37
45. evidence........................................................................................................................ 37
46. the consent of victims in periods of conflict and crisis. .................................................. 38
47. types of individual criminal liability. ................................................................................ 38
48. peacekeeping operations. ................................................................................................ 38
49. creating specialized legal divisions.................................................................................. 38
50. cooperation with intermediaries and civil society organisations........................................ 39
51. cooperation with national, regional and international jurisdictions................................ 39
52. truth, justice and reconciliation commissions. ................................................................ 39
PART 5. RIGHT TO REPARATION................................................................... 41
A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES............................................................................................. 41
53. right to reparation. ....................................................................................................... 41
54. enforcement of reparation orders.................................................................................. 41
55. national funds. ............................................................................................................. 41
56. holistic reparation......................................................................................................... 42
57. participation of victims in reparation programs................................................................. 42
4
GUIDELINES ON COMBATING SEXUAL VIOLENCE
AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN AFRICA