Conclusion This study has presented each bottleneck as a separate, discrete analysis. It is important to note that, in reality, it is very difficult to separate the impact of some from others. For this reason, the same or similar concepts arise in respect of multiple bottlenecks. A corollary of this is that the bottlenecks have a cumulative impact on Africa‘s development that exceeds the ‗sum of their parts‘. Dealing with any of the bottlenecks – or for that matter, dealing with a contributor to any of them – would likely have an impact beyond its immediate ambit. The knock-on effects can be substantial, and this is an excellent rationale for making the removal of these bottlenecks an African objective. Next Steps The next steps in taking forward this study and its recommendations include the following: (i) to develop indicators along the lines of APRM tools, and then pilot them in selected countries. The target should be to follow up this study with a report on how the pilot countries are performing in each of the 13 bottlenecks; and (ii) to integrate the lessons learnt under each of the bottlenecks into the ongoing renewal of the APRM tools and processes, including the country self-assessment questionnaire and the review processes. 11