Peacebuilding Peacebuilding refers to the ideas, strategies and resources applied towards sustainable peace outcomes. It revolves around the processes of identifying structural and immediate causes of structural violence and preventing managing or resolving conflict. This definition draws on the major concepts of positive and negative peace. According to Galtung, the founder behind peace and conflict studies, negative peace is the absence of organised, collective violence,81while positive peace involves securing the integration of society and relations between groups82 and embodies social justice that he defines as ‘an egalitarian distribution of power and resources’.83 In analysing the environment required to foster positive relations at national level, Galtung cites examples of conditions that revolve around governance components of human rights, economic and political conditions.84 UN Resolution 70/262 emphasises the importance of addressing root causes of conflict as a way of sustaining peace.85 While peace is a fluid and complex notion, it does not mean the absence of conflict but rather, the existence of well-managed social conflict.86 Positive peace transcends the traditional notion of non-conflict to entail the establishing and managing of social relationships to build a co-existing human ecosystem.87 Positive peace can survive incidental outbreaks of violence when people resort to established mechanisms and processes of dispute resolution. When these systems are entrenched in governance processes, peacebuilding is institutionalised. The Declaration on the Elimination of All forms of Violence Against Women casts violence against women as a manifestation of unequal power relations between men and women. Strategies for promoting positive peace are critical in addressing the 81 Galtung J ‘Theories of Peace: A Synthetic Approach to Peace Thinking International Peace Research Institute, Oslo 1967. Available at https://www.transcend.org/files/Galtung_Book_unpub_Theories_of_Peace__A_Synthetic_Approach_to_Peace_Thinking_1967.pdf 82 Galtung J ‘An Editorial’ Journal of Peace’ 1964 83 Galtung J ‘Violence, Peace, and Peace Research ‘Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 6, No. 3 1969 84 Presence of cooperation, Freedom from fear, Freedom from want, Economic growth and development, Absence of exploitation, Equality, Justice, Freedom of action, Pluralism and Dynamism 85 General Assembly ‘Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 April 2016 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/70/L.43)’ 12 May 2016 A/RES/70/262 86 Claske Dijkema ‘Negative versus positive peace’ Available at http://www.irenees.net/bdf_fiche-notions186_en.html May 2007 87 Miall H ‘Positive Peace’ International Encyclopedia of Political Science’ SAGE 2011 35