rights. In this context, members of the National Council for Human Rights periodically visit prisons where they meet with prisoners to ensure that suitable living conditions are available, to allow them visits, to ensure the availability of various forms of care and to verify that the inmates are well treated by the prison administration. The council issues report on each visit, containing observations and recommendations in order to improve the conditions of prisoners and detainees. The Human Rights Commission of the House of Representatives also makes visits to police units and prison facilities. 12. Article 7 of the African Charter guarantees the right to litigation for all, and includes the right to resort to competent national courts in order to consider legal action on any violations of the recognized fundamental rights contained in conventions, laws, regulations and customs. The Egyptian legislature has established many guarantees in accordance with international standards for fair trial, including the provisions of the 1971 Constitution and its amendments in Articles 64 to 72, and 165 to 178, which stipulate that the state is subject to the rule of law and affirms the independence of the judiciary and its immunity and jurisdiction to settle disputes and crimes. It also affirms that the penalty is suited to the individual, and ensures that no crime or penalty should be prescribed except by law, and that no penalty is imposed except by a court order. Punishment is only applicable to acts that follow the date of the law's coming into force and is not applicable retroactively. Decisions are issued by competent, independent, permanent courts, whose hearings are held in public. This article also provides for speedy adjudication. In line with the principle that an accused individual is innocent until proven otherwise, Law No. 145 of 2006 amended certain provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This legislation now decrees that the Public Prosecution should publish every ruling of innocence of an accused person who has already been held in custody, as well as any order issued in the absence of a criminal case before it, in the two most widely circulated newspapers at government expense. It also obliges the state to guarantee the right to the principle of material compensation for preventive detention in the two aforementioned instances. The terms of the 2014 Constitution include the same provisions in Chapter 4, in articles 94 to 100, and from 184 to 1977. Article 97 clearly states that litigation is a protected and guaranteed right and prohibits exceptional courts, as well as protecting any administrative action or decision from judicial oversight. No person shall be tried except in front of a qualified judge. In accordance with Article 155 of the Constitution, the President of the Republic issued 23 presidential decrees during the period from 42