111. According to the CSAR, the Ethiopian government’s foreign policy document commits Ethiopia to promoting economic and cultural collaboration with neighbouring countries and not intervening in their internal affairs. The CSAR also reports that Ethiopia is an effective participant in IGAD and is a member of IGAD’s Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN). The conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea remains Ethiopia’s major preoccupation as far as conflicts with its neighbours are concerned. The CSAR identifies a range of institutions that have contributed to conflict management between the two countries. IGAD, the AU, and the UN Security Council have all played significant roles in the quest for peace between the two countries. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) - the AU’s predecessor - led international efforts that resulted in the signing of the Algiers Agreement. Border demarcation challenges were addressed by the border commission and the International Court of Justice at The Hague, while UNMEE was to monitor the cessation of hostilities between the two states. The CSAR also notes, but without giving any details, initiatives and efforts by nongovernmental organisations to resolve the Ethio-Eritrea conflict through problemsolving dialogue. It suggests that more dialogue be encouraged. 112. The CSAR also discusses Ethiopia’s armed intervention in Somalia and explains that this was in response to the declaration of war on Ethiopia by Islamic Jihadists who controlled Somalia and used its territory as a spring board to destabilise Ethiopia. Ethiopia’s intervention was meant to remove the security threat and to support the Transitional Government of Somalia. The CSAR further reports that there was some international criticism of Ethiopia’s invasion of Somalia but notes that such criticism was not widespread. Indeed, the UN Security Council, AU and IGAD supported the intervention, acknowledging the terrorist threat to Ethiopia and Ethiopia’s justification for taking appropriation action. According to the CSAR, Ethiopia accomplished its objectives in Somalia and, therefore, withdrew its troops. 113. With respect to the management of border and cross-border issues with Sudan, Kenya, and Djibouti, the CSAR shows that Ethiopia and these countries have crafted joint institutions that are working well. The Ethio-Sudan joint commission enhanced cooperation between the two countries in the re-demarcation of their common border and in areas of economic, social and infrastructural development. There are ongoing discussions with Sudan about security issues, including illegal trade and movements of citizens across borders with SNNPRS, Gambella, Amhara and Tigrai Regional States. Regional joint commissions also exist between both countries and they are similarly seized of these issues. With Djibouti and Kenya, illegal trade and pastoralist conflicts are the main issues to be addressed, according to the CSAR, and in so doing, CEWARN event and situation reports are proving useful to all parties in creating awareness and taking early action. Unfortunately, according to the CSAR, internal institutions are weak, unable to provide the requisite support. No strong internal early - 72 -