Increasing awareness and translating awareness into behavioural change remains a serious challenge particularly among the vulnerable groups such as young people. In spite of the efforts of Governmental and non-Governmental organizations to educate young people on matters related to sexual and reproductive health, teenage pregnancies still remains high, as do untreated sexually transmitted infections. Life skills training needs to be hugely increased, especially for girls and parents. Teachers and health workers receive insufficient training in reproductive health promotion. The Ministry of Education implements an HIV/AIDS programme for schools. Instruction materials have been produced and guidelines for providing HIV/AIDS education have been disseminated to all district and regional education authorities. Other initiatives to support young people against HIV and AIDS include the establishment of the Out-of School Youth-to-Youth HIV and AIDS Communication Initiative. Orphans - HIV/AIDS has resulted in large numbers of orphaned children: according to the 2003/4 Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey (THIS), around 11 per cent of children below the age of 18 had lost one or both parents (please see article 26), this number is expected to increase to 4.0 million in the year 201038 The government implements the Most Vulnerable Children Support programme in 50 districts in Tanzania. This programme strengthens the community based care support for orphans and vulnerable children enshrined in the policy guidelines. To date more than 200,000 children have been identified and are being provided with support in the districts where the programme is being implemented. A coasted National Plan of Action for the Most Vulnerable Children is also in place, and it enshrines MVC support programme as the key strategy in facilitating access to basic services for orphans and vulnerable children. PMTCT - Although ante-natal clinic attendance is high, only 31 per cent of pregnant women receive services to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), and each year about 3 per cent of babies are born HIV positive. 38 Children on the Brink 2003 41 PMTCT programmes began in