458. Other standards and codes covered by the numerous reform programmes include the ECOWAS Convergence Criteria, the UN Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions, and the ECOWAS Protocol A/P3/ 12/01 on the Combating of Corruption, among others. ii. Findings of the CRM 459. There was inadequate official information to enable the dates of signing, accession and ratification of most of the EGM standards and codes to be documented accurately. This implies that the record-keeping of the standards and codes in relevant government departments is inaccurate, and that the roles of the federal and state governments with regard to the standards and codes are not clearly defined and coordinated. The CRM was informed that efforts are being made to establish a central repository for the standards and codes signed by Nigeria. 460. For some codes and standards – like the International Accounting Standards, the International Standards on Auditing, the Guidelines for Public Debt Management, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Best Practices for Budget Transparency – signature and ratification are not required. However, efforts must be made to ensure compliance once the codes or standards have been adopted. 461. Generally, the CRM found that there is weak monitoring and reporting on implementing standards and codes by government agencies and other stakeholders. Stakeholders also have limited awareness about the existence of these standards and codes, which hampers their effective implementation. This partly explains why the relevant ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) are often unable to ratify and implement them. A careful strategy for ratifying the standards and codes is essential in order to operationalise them effectively. 462. Following are brief CRM highlights regarding budgetary activities and processes, Nigeria’s debt management, and good practices for transparency in monetary and financial policies. Bank supervision and restructuring of the banking system, fighting corruption and money laundering, regional integration and general data standards are also covered. Budgetary activities and processes 463. Most of the federal government’s budgetary policies, procedures and activities are consistent with the Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency and the articles of the OECD Best Practices for Budget Transparency. Nigeria’s debt management 464. 148 Nigeria’s management of public debt (both internal and external) has improved considerably and is in line with the standards defined in the Guidelines for Public Debt Management. Nigeria is a member of the IMF and World Bank, and has signed and acceded to these guidelines. The management of public debt has become stable in Nigeria after many years of turbulence.