2.4.8 Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Science 170. Given its historical heritage, there is a lack of a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation in Mozambique. Innovative behaviour is the exception rather than the norm. This mindset represents a major barrier to the fostering of entrepreneurship and innovation, even for those who themselves have embraced the need for these values. The lack of an innovative climate makes it doubly difficult for innovative people to innovate. 171. The challenge for Mozambique lies in fostering a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation in which: • The relevance of innovation to the improvement of the quality of life is understood and appreciated at all levels, and across all sectors; • Individuals at all levels of society are fully aware that they themselves can and ought to be involved in innovative activities; and • An entrepreneurial approach to life and work that individuals are expected to foster. 172. This is a long-term challenge, but one that is critical to the development and modernisation of Mozambique. It especially entails making drastic changes to the country’s education system. At present, there is no comprehensive policy for human resource development that links the education sector to industry and employment. The government should ensure that, in addition to universal primary education and universal secondary education, more technical schools and wider university enrolment are introduced and that close links are created between educational institutions and employment opportunities. 173. The promotion of research and development (R&D), especially in agriculture, is also critical. Most R&D in the country is publicly funded, at a level of about 0.2 per cent of the GDP. The scientific research community is very small – there are only some 470 researchers in public R&D institutions, where practically all research in the country is undertaken. Of these, only 30 per cent have postgraduate qualifications and less than 10 per cent have doctorates. 2.4.9 Landmines 174. Mozambique is affected by landmines and explosive remnants of war, a legacy of nearly 30 years of conflict that ended in 1992. Since the signing of the GPA in October 1992, demining has been under way, but targets in this respect have not yet been met, partly because of the mined areas are difficult to access. 175. Clearly, Mozambique has advanced in dealing with its mine and unexploded ordnance problem. With the support of development partners, the country is tackling the issue from all sides – from mapping and demining, to obtaining support for survivors and presenting education programmes for children. In 82 A P R M COU N T RY R EV IEW R EP ORT NO. 11